Books, curator notes, and what to read next.
01. A Rulebook for Arguments
Anthony Weston
Practice identifying premises and conclusions, then revise an argument so that its reasoning can be checked by someone else.
Next: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
02. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
Russell connects number, relations, and logical structure. Work the simple examples before moving to the foundations.
Next: Methods of Logic
03. Methods of Logic
Willard Van Orman Quine
Translate short arguments into logical form. Check what the formalization preserves and what it deliberately leaves aside.
Next: An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic
04. An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic
Ian Hacking
Use the exercises to connect probability with decisions and evidence. Distinguish an inductive argument from a valid deduction.
Next: Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
05. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
Nelson Goodman
Use the grue puzzle to test why some patterns support predictions while other equally consistent patterns do not.
Next: Gödel, Escher, Bach
06. Gödel, Escher, Bach
Douglas R. Hofstadter
Follow the formal systems and self-reference puzzles. Keep the mathematical results separate from the analogies about minds.